This interesting article is proof that you never know what you’ll find at the flea market!
A Note about the author, Lt. Justin Thompson: He is an officer serving with the Canadian Forces 4th Air Defense Regiment. He is an artillery officer. This story is very fascinating and has a great deal of human interest.
Vinyl Essay
By Lt Justin Thomson
Canadian Forces Gagetown, NB
Contributed by Jack Kopstein
To Joe and Martha Thatcher, that Sunday morning started off like any other. For the past year now they had spent every Sunday morning at the flea market, in the same corner every week, selling their relics, old VHS tapes, and a large collection of novels. Joe loads the car and takes one last look around the house. He spies the small stack of vinyl records, dusty in the corner. With hesitation he asks his wife, “Should we bring the vinyl?”
Flea markets are often synonymous with large collections of junk. At first glance, I’m inclined to agree: to my left a middle aged woman is selling a candle holder with two German shepherds dancing around the candle; one of the dogs has only one eye remaining. There is a man in the back with a stunning collection of tins and buttons, with a stack of random National Geographic magazines dating back to August, 1972. Right in front of me an elderly couple are selling what seems to be a lifetime supply of romance novels, a stack of Disney VHS tapes, and a box of vinyl records. It’s the stack of vinyl that catches my eye and draws me over.
A month before this trip I purchased a brand-new record player from the local mall. It’s something I’ve always wanted to have. For a long time I’ve had a deep appreciation for music. My father has been a radio announcer for 25 years, and over time I’ve learned to play a variety of musical instruments. Even though records were phased out by cassette tapes, and made even more irrelevant with the introduction of CDs and mp3s, there is something about the sound of music on vinyl that I just love. In just a few short weeks I’ve managed to build a decent collection of my favourites: Jimi Hendrix, Led Zepplin, Bob Dylan, Nirvana, and lots of classical. This particular trip to the flea market has me looking for Michael Jackson’s Thriller. Although Thriller was my main objective, I always keep an eye out for the obscure, as any good collector does. Last week at the flea market I found a priceless gem, an album entitled How to Train Your Dog. I sometimes wonder if I’m abnormal for picking up a lot of what I do, but then I’m reminded of one of my neighbours, who is so devoted to her gardening that she’ll cover half her lawn with umbrellas when it rains to keep her beautiful flower arrangements dry. I take comfort knowing I’m just as crazy as my neighbours.
I start leafing through the elderly couple’s small collection. A few records are catching my eye, and I start setting them aside. Most of it is Christmas-related, the Charlie Brown Christmas story for example. As I’m nearing the end of their collection, I discover the inspiration for this essay.
Tucked away behind an album of great duets by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn (which I also picked up) is an album titled, THE GUNS – A Centennial Tribute to the Royal Canadian Artillery. It’s the only military related vinyl in their collection. I pull it out and start to look it over. Pulling it out, I see that it’s in great condition, no scratches. I wonder if it’s ever been played. The elderly gentleman at the table finishes with a customer and notices I’ve pulled a few records aside. “The records are a dollar each,” he tells me. Putting on my best poker face I pay him for the vinyl’s, trying to disguise my excitement. I’m afraid he’ll notice my tremendous interest and like a good economist, jack the price up. Lucky for me he doesn’t pick up on my paranoia, and I hurry home to hear the results of my dollar well spent.
When I get home I head right for my record player. A quick glance at the back of the album cover reveals the fifteen tracks that make up the vinyl. My knowledge of the songs was limited. I’ve been to a few mess dinners before and seen the lyrics for “Screw Guns” on some of the menus. I recall that I’d heard a young vice PMC lead a choir of mess dinner attendees in the singing of that same song at one particular mess dinner, allowing everyone to indulge in a much needed fifteen minute bathroom break afterwards. As I further examine the record I am impressed with the artwork design that was chosen to contain the vinyl. The front cover is a simple pattern of the artillery’s colors, with the insignia in the center. The inside cover is decorated with a 2-part print of four artillerymen standing by what appears to be a firing an M105. The text in the corner is a description of the artillery memorial located on the historical “Major’s Hill Park” in Ottawa. Along with the track listing, the back cover is decorated with artwork of an artilleryman in ceremonial dress about to fire a cannon. Canadian Parliament is seen in the background. The back also states that the vinyl was recorded by the Royal Canadian Artillery Band, under the direction of a Major C.A. Villeneuve.
Not knowing very much else about the vinyl I found curiosity increasing. I decided to embark on a challenging crusade to find out as much information as I could about this historical treasure. I started my search on the first website that popped into my head: E-Bay. It’s not that I would ever consider selling this relic; but that my immediate curiosity had me wondering if there was an accompanying monetary value, perhaps more than the dollar I used to purchase it in the first place. Neither my search on e-bay nor my quick google search turned up anything relevant. Not the best start, less than a day in and I’d almost exhausted all of my resources for finding out more information. I had one more option available that I’d brainstormed: the Royal Canadian Artillery Museum. By calling the museum I was able to get in contact with Clive Prothero-Brooks, who works with the collections that come into the museum. He got back to me via e-mail a few days later. Despite having a collection of over 400 military vinyls, he did not have the album in question. He did, however, give me some useful information. He wrote, “I am guessing the date of release might be 1971, that would be 100 years from the formation of the RCA in 1871.” He wasn’t sure on how many vinyls had been pressed, but he guessed not many. He told me about the International Military Music Society (www.immscanada.ca), saying that he used to be a member, and that they might have more information.
Seeing as how my e-bay and google resources had wilted faster than my neighbour’s flowers in the frost, I saw no other option than to go forth and try the IMMS. Clicking on their ‘contact us’ page I sent an e-mail to CWO (retired) Jack Kopstein asking for help. Jack Kopstein delivered. Not only is Jack a member of the IMMS, he is also the site admin at worldmilitarybands.com. Further to that, he’s written a book entitled, When the Band Begins to Play – A History of Military Music in Canada. Needless to say, an essential ally in my crusade for knowledge. He confirmed that the record was released for Oct 20th, 1971, the centennial anniversary of the Royal Canadian Artillery. At the time, the album was recorded in Montreal by the RCA band, the oldest in the Regular Canadian Army, dating from 1899. This particular band, under the direction of (then) Major Charles Villenueve, was the band that, a few years later, would go back into the recording studio and record all of the national anthems for the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. As the plot thickens I find myself needing more information. I send Jack the track listing and he sends me back a description of just about every track on the album. I discover that a lot of the tracks, for good reason, are deeply rooted within the history of the artillery. A few were initially written to honour British artillery. One folk song was written as a ‘trot’ song for mounted horseback troops pulling gun carriages. “Post Horn Gallop” was used as a call to alert all on the gun line that the mail had arrived, an obvious favourite among the troops. The opening track, titled, “A Centennial Salute” was written by one of the band’s own members, G. Pando. As the needle touches the spinning vinyl, history comes to life as a boisterous fanfare erupts into my living room, sounding triumphant, not unlike the opening theme from Star Wars. It only cost me a dollar.
I used to play violin in an orchestra before I joined the military, so I have a certain respect for each instrument, and how one person can bring together all that sound with metronome-like unison. I’m talking of the conductor. Jack tells me about Charles Villenueve. He was the director of music for the band from 1968-1978, later became the Supervisor of Music of the Canadian Forces, and retired as a Lt Colonel. Although he doesn’t have his contact information, he supplies me with a few leads to follow up on. A few days later I would be rewarded. Lt. Claude-Christian Richer from the musical History and Heritage section of NDHQ sends me an e-mail. He has included Charles Villeneuve’s military biography along with a phone number where I can reach his residence in Quebec. From the bio I learn that not only was he the CF music supervisor, but also was the music services adviser for the Chief of the Defence Staff, and the commandant of the Canadian Forces School of Music. After he retired from the regular force in 1984 he remained active in military music, holding director and advisor positions within the cadet music system. He fully retired in 1990 and enjoys spending his winters living in Florida. This is relevant because when I called him he was only a few weeks away from heading south, making me consider pressing a few vinyl records myself, in order to become famous enough to be able to afford the same luxury.
When I dialled the last digit of Charles Villenueve’s phone number and heard it start to ring, everything came together and hit me. This all started as an innocent trip to the local mall on a Sunday. Now I’m calling the man who directed this very band to play the very songs that I hear wafting through my apartment. I went from knowing nearly nothing about the album to getting to know so much more about the culture and history of military music, and the people involved. I’m so full of myself I almost forget that Charles is waiting for me to respond. “Hello?” Best not keep him waiting; the man wants to get to Florida before the snow hits. I explain who I am and how I got his number, and why I am calling. He is very friendly and more than willing to humour me and answer my questions. We spend the next half hour or so chatting about the album, the band, and his experiences. He tells me that the record took only two to three days to record. While recording, if someone made a mistake, they would stop and raise their hand so that the band could stop and try another take. Some mistakes were able to be covered up through the work of the recording studio. He tells me that the soloist who preformed the “Post Horn Gallop” has since passed away of cancer. The project itself was all funded by the Royal Canadian Artillery, and he wasn’t sure on how many copies had been made, but he did pull his out while we were talking. He figured there weren’t many out there. Up until 2007 he’d been conducting an orchestra in Florida while living there, but now he said he enjoys his time with his wife, kids, and grandchildren. Finally, he shared a funny story that occurred during the artillery centennial anniversary celebration in Petawawa during the performance of “Screw Guns”. The band started playing the tune, oblivious to the fact that the artillery was setting up for a gun salute. Half way through the song a deafening BOOM explodes from the howitzers set up next to the band. Everyone in the band stops playing except for a lone trumpeter. After realizing what happened the band shares a laugh and joins back in, and finishes strongly together.
My view of the record has totally changed from when I first laid my hands on it. I now have a much deeper appreciation for everything that went into making it, and it feels good knowing that I own a piece of history relevant to my profession, and was fortunate to learn as much as I did. I must take to time to recognize Clive, Jack, Claude-Christian and Charles, without your help I would not have had the opportunity to discover all that I did, so thank-you. Thanks to all who helped me on this endeavour, as I only made mention to the major contributors, there were a few more people behind the scenes that helped steer me in the right direction. I’d like to end with something that Jack Kopstein said to me in his first e-mail. He suggested that I transfer the recording to CD or onto my computer if I had the means, as it is valuable because of its historical significance. It made me wonder how I was able to attain it for less than the price of a cup of coffee. Whether you believe in fate or not, there is no denying I was in the right place at the right time; I’ve since returned to continue my search for epic vinyl, and I always see that couple selling their treasures, but have never again seen them with their box of vinyl.
Altissimo! has one album by the Royal Canadian Artillery Band, entitled Encore!, available here
We at Altissimo! think it’s only appropriate to recognize those who’ve made a significant contribution to the musical world, and if it’s military music, even better to recorgnize them. This month we’d like to introduce you to someone we think is pretty special. Our contributor, Jack Kopstein, sent us an email about Virginia Allen. She is a former army band director who now works at the Juilliard School of Music, building up the future of music by educating the talented youth of the new generation.
See the following biography at her website, viginiaallen.com
Virginia Allen is the Associate Dean for Administration at The Juilliard School in New York City, where she previously taught conducting, co-founded and conducted the Juilliard Trombone Choir, and served as Executive Director of the Starling-DeLay Symposium on Violin Studies. She is a former faculty member at The Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. She was also Artistic Director of the Sun Valley Summer Music Workshops in Idaho, where she founded and conducted the Sun Valley Youth Orchestra.
A former conductor in the U.S. Army Bands Program, Miss Allen was a pioneer for women in military bands. She was the first woman to command and conduct an active duty military band that included women when she was appointed Principal Conductor of The U.S. Army Forces Command Band in Atlanta. As the Associate Conductor of The U.S. Military Academy Band at West Point, she was the first woman conductor of that historic organization, as well as the Cadet Glee Club and Cadet Band. She also performed on stages from the Hollywood Bowl to Europe as the first woman conductor of the Army’s premier touring ensembles from Washington, D.C., The U.S. Army Field Band and The Soldiers’ Chorus. Her military career included an assignment as the Department of the Army Staff Bands Officer in Washington, D.C., where she managed over 100 Army bands and band activities worldwide.
Miss Allen frequently guest conducts, adjudicates and teaches master classes in the U.S. and internationally. She conducted Joseph Alessi, Principal Trombonist of the New York Philharmonic, and The Juilliard Trombone Choir on a compact disc recording released by the International Trombone Association in 1999 and now available as Beyond the End of the Century through Summit Records. Miss Allen collaborated with Mr. Alessi again another Summit recording, Trombonastics.
As a composer and arranger, her music has been premiered, performed and recorded by members of the Chicago Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony, the Washington Opera Orchestra, the Dallas Symphony, the Buffalo Philharmonic, the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra, The Juilliard Trombone Choir, The U.S. Army Band, The U.S. Army Field Band, and The U.S. Military Academy Band. Her music has been published by Carl Fischer, Southern Music, Ludwig Music, and TRN Music. A member of ASCAP, she is a Board Member for the World Association for Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE) and a former Board Member for the Conductors Guild.
Miss Allen studied French horn and conducting and earned a Bachelor of Music Education degree and a Master of Music degree in Performance from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. and a Diploma in Wind Conducting from the University of Calgary. She also completed an internship in Performance Activities at Juilliard. She is currently completing her Doctor of Education in the College Teaching of Music at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City.
Copyright VirginiaAllen.com
Check out this great article from CNN.com! If you can’t click it, copy and paste into your web browser:
http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/11/05/vif2.pilot.trumpet/index.html
*Article submitted by Connie Furtney
Forest, Ontario, Canada is located about 30 miles east of the US border City of Port Huron, Michigan. It is in the heart of a farming community near Lake Huron. As with a number of community bands during WWI and WWII some of the musicians made their way into Canadian Military bands. The Excelsior band is probably the longest continuing operational band in Canada, because the Allentown Community concert band is the oldest in North America.
Forest is a great town in which to live for many reasons. One of these is the fact that we are one of the few small towns left which has its own band. The Forest Excelsior Band has been around since 1884! That means that this year, 2009, is the 125th anniversary (“quasquicentennial” – try saying that three times fast!) of the band. One of our band’s claims to fame is that it is the oldest civilian band that has been in continuous operation in North America. The Forest Excelsior Band has even received recognition in “Ripley’s Believe It Or Not.”
Great Beginnings
In this day and age of Internet, video games, Wii and television, it is hard to imagine a time when a town band was a vibrant force in the day-to-day activities of a community, and indeed a main source of entertainment. Yet, this was exactly the purpose that the Excelsior Band once fulfilled. In 1884, a group of 25 musicians, all male, formed a civilian precision marching band. Their very name set high standards for the band— “Excelsior” , meaning “excellence”, was the inscription found on a Crimean War trumpet, and was taken by the band’s moniker. Smartly clad in gray braided uniforms, the band certainly lived up to its name in those early years with its achievement of high honours in many national competitions in Toronto.
A Time of Changes
During WWI, the band went through many changes. Members left to serve their country, remaining members provided music for the local soldiers. Once peacetime returned, several bandmasters, many of whom were local residents, led the band. Each summer the band would board a special Canadian National Exhibition (C.N.E.) train at the Forest train station. They would travel to Toronto and return home with happy news of awards and trophies. In 1930, the band achieved First Class Honours in the C.N.E. national competition. This was one of many awards that the band achieved during this era. During the Great Depression, the band’s many concerts and marching engagements became much anticipated local traditions. Examples of such engagements were the annual Christmas Carol Sing held around the Christmas tree near the old Town Hall, a New Year’s Eve concert, Forest Fair performances, and numerous ceremonial functions.
Centennial Celebrations
In 1984, the Forest Excelsior Band turned 100 years. Band Centennial pins were created and worn proudly by the forty-plus members as they played a Canada Day concert on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. Later that summer, the band also played at Queen’s Park to mark Ontario’s bicentennial.
The Past Quarter-Century
In the past twenty-five years, the band has transformed from a concert band to a “big band” format, specializing in swing, jazz, and current popular music. Several talented vocalists have performed with the band. The 2007 purchase of new uniforms, funded fifty percent by a grant from the Forest Community Foundation, have kept the band looking as sharp as ever. Recent engagements under the direction of current bandmaster Dan Dumais have included some of the traditional performances at local Christmas parades, community concerts and ceremonial events, but have also included such varied experiences as dance competitions and playing three consecutive years at a Sarnia high school prom!
More Sweet Music to Come
The band’s future looks promising. Many enthusiastic members, including many young and talented musicians, a fresh look with new uniforms, a dedicated bandmaster and a growing body of loyal fans, have positioned the band well for its next quarter-century and beyond. The band is truly grateful to the support it has received in the Lambton Shores area, and is looking forward to celebrating many more anniversaries!
*The writer is a contributor to the Lambeth County Shores newsletter, published quarterly in Forest. Our thanks to her for permission to publish!
The following article was received from our contributor, Jack Kopstein. It was written by Jesse Daniel Krebs of Florida State University in 2006.
The Clarinets of the John Philip Sousa bands
By: Jesse Daniel Krebs, Florida State University
A Treatise submitted for the Requirements of a Doctor of Music (Degree Awarded Spring 2006)
The clarinetists of Sousa’s bands were phenomenal musicians and well known in their day. Many of the clarinetists, like August Stengler, Joseph Norrito, and Edmund C. Wall became famous from solo appearances that showcased their skill. They were regularly featured in advertisements for clarinets in music journals and were among the first clarinetists to take part in recordings for the Berliner, Victor, and Edison companies. Many also performed with other prestigious ensembles, including the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the New York City Ballet Orchestra, and the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra. Yet today, many musicians are unaware of these clarinetists and their accomplishments. In 1972, Vance Jennings speculated that:
Perhaps it is the nature of the band with its massed clarinet sound plus the schedule of traveling, all of which prevented the influence of the band from establishing a stronger influence upon a national clarinet sound…. Not one of the [Sousa Band] players listed by W.C. White is a name which exerted any strong influence upon clarinetists of a later generation. Those listed as “famous artists” in the Sousa clarinet section are A. Stengler, J. Norrito, H. Weber, M. Pasquale, W. H. Langan, S. Schaich, W. Daugherty, Paul Jahn, M. Urbain, S. Lacalle, and R. Noyes. This writer feels certain that these gentlemen were fine players, but it is interesting to note that none of them made sufficient impression during their lifetimes to be known today.
Yet these clarinetists were heard all over the United States and the world from their tour performances, and in many cases they might have been the only clarinetists that young musicians would have had the opportunity to hear. By the early twentieth century, Sousa’s clarinetists had a reputation as being the best in the music business. Jazz clarinetist Drew Page was offered an audition for a tour with Sousa’s band in the early 1920s. He recalled in his autobiography:
I didn’t think I was good enough. Since Sousa’s band was the big time, I thought he must have the best clarinet players in the world. Max said I could take the last chair if necessary, but I couldn’t be persuaded. I had known only one other professional clarinet player – the one I was working with at the time – and I couldn’t believe I would compare favorably with the big-timers in Sousa’s band.
As Jennings stated, the large number of clarinetists who performed with the Sousa Band may have been a reason for their lack of influence on today’s clarinetists. Other factors might include the diversity of backgrounds from which they came and the fact that they were not featured as soloists as often as some of the other instrumentalists in the band.
Sousa once wrote, “Why does the world need bands? Why does the world need flowers, sunlight, religion, the laughter of children, moonrise in the mountains, great masterpieces of art? Why indeed? Because the world has a soul, a spirit, which is hungry for beauty and inspiration.”
Truly, Sousa’s clarinetists added to that beauty, for their music was enjoyed by all who had the great fortune to hear it.
The following article is an abstract taken from the book THE HISTORY OF THE MARCH by Dr. Karl Koenig. Dr. Karl Koenig, PH.D, a member of Walden University’s first graduating class, is a musician, a jazz historian, and the founder of Basin Street Press (http://www.basinstreet.com/), which publishes musical arrangements and books about jazz. He is also a member of the Lake Arrowhead Early Jazz Band, based in Running Springs, California. In the 1970′s he was a member of the United States Air Force band and played piano and accordion. He has written several books relating to early band music in America and has also compiled a book with over sixty patriotic songs. He is a well known authority on the history of jazz and Dixieland music in America, and we are delighted he has given permission for the following article to be published in the newsletter.
THE MARCH BRASS/STRING BANDS AND JAZZ
LOUISIANA BRASS BANDS
AND HISTORY IN RELATION TO JAZZ HISTORY
By Dr Karl Koenig PH.D.
We will examine in this essay the brass band movement in Louisiana and the surrounding area of New Orleans, beginning in the Civil War era. It has been written that because of the surplus brass instruments after the war (slaves having access to these instruments) jazz instrumentation was developed. This fact will be investigated once we explore the history of Civil War musical history in New Orleans and surrounding areas.
CIVIL WAR BRASS BANDS
The evolution of jazz coincides with the popularity of brass bands in the United States, and with the development, acceptance and popularity of a new valve system for brass instruments. Throughout the United States brass bands could be heard in most every town and hamlet during the latter part f the 19th Century. The first true brass band in the United States was in 1835 with Allen Dodsworth as director. The first Black slave brass band was (to my knowledge at this time) the Juvenile Brass Band of Charleston, South Carolina in 1856. This band toured the United States and was very well received.
During the Civil War many civilian brass bands joined the army and traveled with army regiments, playing as they moved from place to place, exposing their music to all. The south had an agricultural economy. The North, an industrial economy. The Southern population was also more rural than urban, its population spread over a wider area than the numerous urban population centers of the North; thus the South had fewer larger cities. The South’s social life centered around either the large agricultural area: (mostly plantations) or the few large Southern cities.
During the Civil War the small towns that surrounded the New Orleans area were exposed to the bands of the Union occupational forces of the Gulf Coast Command (approximately 30 bands). These Regimental bands stationed in and around the New Orleans area were very conspicuous, playing not only concerts of both patriotic and popular music but in the execution – of the many military ceremonies that were common and popular during the Civil War. These Union military bands were not the only brass bands in and around New Orleans during the war-years. There were a surprising number of brass bands in the city and in the country towns surrounding the city. Nearly every town in Louisiana had a band of music.
One example: Thibodaux – Occupied during the Civil War by Union form, Thibodaux had brass bands during and after the war. The Philharmonic Brass Band was performing in Thibodaux during the years directly after the Civil War. This band was first mentioned in the Thibodaux Sentinel on March 3, 1866. The Philharmonic Brass Band (a white band) is mentioned playing for a local funeral. The many bands of the country did, contrary to past thoughts, play for funerals. There are many newspaper accounts of brass bands playing for funerals in the country. These processions were not long processions as most cemeteries in the country were located very near the church. The various accounts mention the brass bands playing to the cemeteries but do not mention the brass bands playing after the interment.
FUNERAL BANDS
The tradition of playing lively music on the way back from an interment is clouded in mystery as to when it began. Funeral march music was used in ancient Israel. One comparison can be seen in modern times in the military process when marching in review. A typical dress parade, as executed by an infantry regiment early in the Civil War was described as thus by a soldier.
“The troops are drawn up in line of battle and the order Parade Rest’ given by each Captain to his command. The band starts off; that is, marches down and back in front of the regiment, playing slowly down and a quick step back.”
I am not suggesting that the ceremony was the ancestor of Black funeral tradition, but only that parallels can be drawn from the past. Perhaps this repeated military ceremony, observed many times in occupied New Orleans, did leave an impression on marching bands and their tradition. It is not the exact parallel of a negro funeral procedure, although it did musically speaking possess parallels of slow music going, fast music coming back.
How much influence did military band funerals effect New Orleans band tradition? New Orleans was occupied by Federal forces throughout most of the Civil War, the only Southern State occupied for such a long length of time. Its citizens were exposed to a large amount of military ceremonies not usual in other southern cities, and New Orleans was exposed to the charisma of Patrick Gilmore. (More on his later.) Unlike other southern cities, life was near normal in New Orleans during the war. New Orleans was always a festive city and its many celebrations continued. The many military bands with their reviews and concerts were assimilated into New Orleans cultural life and accepted as such. The festive nature of the Union musical activities fitted into the musical tradition of the city.
INSTRUMENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
International improvements on brass instruments influenced military music during the Civil War. The zenith of the brass band movements was occurring during the American Civil War. The movement’s influence is seen in the adoption of the improved European invented brass instruments and the use of Dodworth’s backfire instruments. Brass instruments with their bells facing backwards were used by the military band of both the North and the South. These brass instruments were constructed with the bells pointing back over the musician’s shoulder so the music produced could be heard best by the marching columns which followed the band. These ‘backfire’ bands were not for the benefit of the spectators as bands are today. There are numerous pictures of these backfire brass instruments. In fact, most all existing pictures of Civil War bands show bands holding or playing backfire instruments. The regimental band of the 26th North Carolina, in civilian life the band of the Moravian settlement, famous for brass band music, was from Salem, North Carolina, and had been in existence since 1831 and served throughout the war. It had the following instrumentation and personnel:
Samuel T.1V.ichey – leader and Eb cornet A. P. Gibson – 1st cornet Daniel T. Crouse – 1 st tenor Joe O. Hall – 2nd comet, Alexander C. Meinung – 2nd Bb tenor Augustus Hauser – 1st alto Julius A. Leinback – Eb bass William H. Hall – 2nd Eb alto
Backfire style brass instruments were invented and patented in 1838 by Allen Dodworth. They were manufactured in Vienna and imported to America by the Dodworth family. As they were designed for the benefit of marching bands, even the inventor did not recommend them for concert purposes. This subject of backfire instruments versus frontal bells is discussed in Allen Dodworth’s brass band book in 1853. He states:
In selecting the instruments, attention should be paid to the use intended; if for military purposes only, those with bells behind, over the shoulder are preferable, as they throw all the tone to those who are marching to it, but for any other purposes are not so good. For general purposes, those with the bell upward, like the saxhom, are most convenient… care should be taken.
All other bands that picture soldiers with backfire instruments are too numerous to give a complete list, but include: The Brigade Band of Stonewall Jackson of Stauton, Virginia, The 13th Wisconsin Band, directed by L. W. Eastman, The band of the 10th Veteran Reserve Corps, of Washington, D. C., and The 107 Infantry Band. An excellent picture of three musicians of the 4th Michigan Infantry shows a good view of a backfire bass horn and two backfire tenor horns. These backfire type instruments came to the United States around 1840 and disappeared around 1870.
Brass instruments in general had the same basic design and were built in the family of musical range, from the high Eb cornet to the low bass horn. After the war, when military music was not needed, the regular bell front instruments became popular again. The backfire instruments disappeared and were replaced by brass instruments whose main purpose was playing for concerts and dances.
Since 1845, there existed a family of brass instruments known as the saxhoms. In France the instrument maker Adolphe Sax, today famous for the saxophone family of instrument (an instrument built to bridge the gap in timbre between the brass and woodwind timbre), was issued a patent for a set of valve bugles or comets made in all ranges, from the high Eb comet to the Bb bass, named appropriately, saxhorns. Their bore was somewhat narrower than that of the flugelhorn, resulting in a more brilliant timbre desired by most brass bands. The most common saxhorns used in the concert bands of the pre and post Civil War times were: Eb soprano, Bb soprano, alto horn (in Bb or C), tenor horn (in Eb or F) and the baritone/bass, (in low Bb or C).
The inventor of the valve system for brass instruments is said to have been Heinrich Stozel but there is some doubt as Frederick Blummel claims to have sold the idea to Stolzel. The patent, however, was issued to Stolzel in 1818. The invention of the valve system revolutionized brass playing. The perfection of brass playing technique prior to the development of valves dictated many years of continuous practice, devoting much of this time to lip technique. Now, with the new valve instruments, playing became more co-ordination technique than lip technique, resulting in quicker perfection of musical ability and a large amount of good brass players. This mechanical perfection spread through the family of brass instruments and led to a patent of the family of saxhorns by Adolphe Sax in 1845 that was previously mentioned. These instruments gave an improved uniformity of tone and replaced all the larger laterally-holed instruments, the natural horns and the other horns that had been used. The serpent and the ophicleide fell out of use. The introduction of the valve system also made it possible to interchange players from one instrument (brass) to another more easily, which had considerable bearing on amateur brass bands and led to the popularization of brass instruments.
One can read numerous accounts of amateur bands securing a complete set of these newly developed brass instruments. This newly found impetus developed in the amateur brass band movements of the United States around the 1880′s when numerous bands began re-instrumenting their bands. It was not a surplus of Civil War instruments that made instruments available (they would have been mostly the backfire type) but the availability of the new style valved brass instruments that made brass playing a quicker technical process in perfecting brass playing technique.
The perfection of valves on brass instruments enabled composers to use the tone colors of the brass range of instruments and the player need not change crooks to enable him to change key. He was now able to play needed notes of the chromatic scale, thereby eliminating the necessity of frequent rests to change crooks. Three valves made possible a complete chromatic scale, giving freedom of modulation which allowed brass instruments to play the most complicated chromatic passages and undertake modulations into different keys with greater facility.
UNION BANDS
In the early part of the war, each regiment was authorized a band. In July of 1862, a military order was issued that allowed military bands only at the Brigade level. Many regiments found means of evading the official military order and managed to keep a band at the regimental level Because of this military order. The best musicians of the regimental bands usually were transferred to the Brigade level; this movement of musicians improved the quality of Brigade bands but weakened the regimental bands.
The primary function of a military band is for official ceremonies and for the march. When not fulfilling their military function, Brigade bands commonly gave concerts at twilight which were greatly enjoyed by the camp personnel.
Federal bands had the money and the support of the government. At least half of the Federal Regiments had bands when the war began. It was said that the War Department spent $4,000,000 a year on bands. In July of 1862 there were 618 bands in service. The ratio was one musician to every 41 soldiers. Most of these bands contained 22 pieces. Federal musicians drew higher pay than privates and after their concerts, the hat was passed around gaining the band extra money. The potential of financial gains attracted many famous civilian bands.
There were critics that were against this excess spending on bands and numerous critical protests ended regimental bands. Thereafter, only brigades had official bands, consisted of only 16 musicians. (Most Confederate bands had but 3 or 4 pieces and these musicians received no such handsome treatment as Federal musicians.)
CONFEDERATE BANDS
Opposite to the numerously mentioned Federal bands during the Civil War, references to Confederate bands are few. The lack of Confederate bands probably is due to a lack of trained southern musicians, a lack of brass instruments in the south, and the necessity of troops to increase the smaller number of Confederate troops in the front line units. There was music in the regiments but it was in the form of glee clubs, violinists, guitarists and banjoists. Many Confederate units had little or no music. The great difficulty in getting instruments and the lack of trained musicians made it almost impossible to ascertain the exact number and the instrumentation in an average Confederate band, causing an assortment of instruments with the qualifications of the musicians varying widely. There was a Confederate regulation governing bands. Coming out in the year 1861-1862, this regulation stated that:
When it is desired to have bands of music for regiments, there will be allowed for each, 16 privates to act as musicians, in addition to the chief musician authorized by law, provided, the total number of privates in the regiments,. including the band, does not exceed the legal standard.
Confederate bandsmen, like their counterpart in the Union forces, were usually assigned to assist the regimental surgeon behind the lines. In the book The Color Guard by Hosmer, he states: “The ambulance corps is made up largely of the musicians; but music! We never hear it now, not even the drum and fife. It is too stern a time for that.”
Hosmer quotes a drummer by the name of Cripps describing an improvisory technique of the fife players, a sort of jazz’ type improvisory/variation playing technique:
“Some on’ em play plain, and some on ‘em put in the fancy touches; but I kind o’ hate to see a man flourish. Why can’t he play straight, without fillin up his tunes?’
Cripps also describes what a good drummer was during the Civil War:
Now Hodge alone can make as much noise as all the rest on we put together. Its astonishing’ but some of these fellows can’t strike right. ‘Taint – no drummin’ to hit with the sticks all over the head; you ought to hit right in the middle. A tip-top drummer won’t vary more’n two or three inches from both his sticks, hittin’ right in the middle of the head. I know ‘Hodge well enough – a stout, straight boy. I have noticed the fine rhythm of his almost invisible sticks,- and the measured, vigorous cadence of his feet as he beats time.
The Louisiana Battalion of Washington Artillery. brought with them to Richmond the J. V. Gessner Brass Band from New Orleans as their band. It consisted of J. V. Gessner-leader, T. Gutzler, Ch. W. Struve, J. Arnold, Jno. Deutsh, Jno. Geches, Peter Trum, Jno. Lorba, Thos. Kostmel, J. H. Sporer, Charles Meir with buglers F. P. Villanvasana and J. Kingslow. Upon arriving in Richmond the procedure followed by the band is described:
We were now marched in a comfortable frame of mind through the streets of Richmond, led on by the exhilarating notes of Gessner’s Brass Band, which accompanied us from New Orleans, and we spread any of the Confederate or holiday troops.
BRASS BAND REPERTOIRE
Military and patriotic songs made up the majority of music played by the service bands during the war. There was a controversy whether band concerts should include martial music.
It was asked, ‘should programs be made up largely of operatic airs and dance tunes or should they contain mostly patriotic and martial music?’ Martial music usually won out but by 1864 band programs at concerts were better balanced. One band program included the following: “A Grand March, Quickstep ‘Queen of Roses’, Overture from ‘Zanetta,’ Bolero from ‘MeSicilian Vespers’, Quadrille of Strauss,. a Polka and a medley of patriotic airs.’
Some of the popular titles were: -’Love not, ‘ Katy Darling,’ ‘Annie Laurie,’ ‘Ain’t you Glad to Get – Out of the Wilderness,’ ‘Pop Goes the Weasel,’ ‘Starry Flay,’ ‘Old Folks at hone,’ ‘My Old Kentucky Home,’ ‘The Girl I Left Behind Me,’ ‘Midnight Hour,’ ‘Gay and Happy and ‘someone to Love.’
Also, there were the transcriptions from the classics: selections from Bohemian Girl, Maritana, and an American overture, Dodworth’s band concert in New York presented the following concert:
“Quickstep, -’Thou Art Far Away,’ Finale of La Traviate, Fantasie on Un Belle: in Masachere’ by Verdi and Miserere from D. Trovatore,”
One of Patrick Gilmore’s first promenade concerts in New Orleans on January 26, 1864:
” ‘Grand March.,of Bellini,’ ‘Waltz,, & song,’ ‘Robin Ruffand,
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(Gilmore’s pen name) ‘The Soldiers Return arch’ including ‘When Johnny Comes Marching Hone,’ composed by Patrick Gil.more”